Data series · Chapter 10

Scenario 2 — Heating with PT1 behaviour

Step to 150 kW heating power, time constant 12 s. Reaches 63.3 % at t = τ and 95.1 % at 3τ; mean deviation from the analytical solution 0.040 %.

Scenario: 2 Heating
Expectation (criterion): heating rate 0.0814 K/s; PT1 63.2 % at τ, 95.0 % at 3τ
Measurement: 63.3 % at τ, 95.1 % at 3τ; mean deviation 0.040 % of maximum power
Result: passed
Rows: 6,000
Time range: 0.05–300.00 s
Time step: Δt = 0.05 s
Columns: 9

Download CSV To the chapter: Chapter 10 — Five test scenarios

Chart
Columns
Statistics
Values
Source and citation

Time series

Each quantity has its own axis and unit in its own panel; all share the time axis. The sensor bits appear as step lines. Clicking the legend shows or hides a quantity.

Time series of the measurement

Building the chart …

Quantities (click to show or hide)

Controls: ← → move cursor (with ⇧ ten times) · Pos1 Ende to the edge · + − zoom · Bild↑ Bild↓ pan · 0 full series · Esc remove cursor. Drag a region with the mouse to zoom in. Values at the cursor belong to the nearest plotted data point; when zoomed far out the chart shows the minimum and maximum per pixel bucket so that single peaks stay visible. Exact values: zoom in or use the tables.

The interactive chart needs JavaScript. Instead, a sample of the series (twelve evenly spaced rows); all values are in the table further below and in the CSV.

Sample of the series
No.	Zeit (s)	Füllstand (l)	Temperatur (°C)	Druck (bar)	Heizleistung (W)	B1 Füllstand max
1	0.05	450.05	16.131	0.0072	625.0	1
546	27.3	450.05	17.48	0.0	134653.6	1
1,092	54.6	450.05	19.612	0.0	148429.9	1
1,637	81.85	450.05	21.82	0.0	149838.7	1
2,182	109.1	450.05	24.036	0.0	149983.4	1
2,728	136.4	450.05	26.257	0.0	149998.3	1
3,273	163.65	450.05	28.474	0.0	149999.8	1
3,819	190.95	450.05	30.695	0.0	150000.0	1
4,364	218.2	450.05	32.913	0.0	150000.0	1
4,909	245.45	450.05	35.13	0.0	150000.0	1
5,455	272.75	450.05	37.351	0.0	150000.0	1
6,000	300.0	450.05	39.568	0.0	150000.0	1

Column description

Name and unit come from the header row of the CSV file; the meaning follows the heated-tank model (chapter 8) and the recording (chapter 10).

Columns of the series — Scenario 2 — Heating with PT1 behaviour

No.	Column (CSV header)	Unit	Type	Meaning
1	Zeit (s)	s	Time axis	Time stamp of the row (model time); one row per calculation step of Δt = 0.05 s.
2	Füllstand (l)	l	Process variable	Water level in the tank (tank volume 0.5 m³ = 500 l).
3	Temperatur (°C)	°C	Process variable	Water temperature, calculated from energy and water mass.
4	Druck (bar)	bar	Process variable	Pressure in the head space (steam and air, partial pressures added).
5	Heizleistung (W)	W	Process variable	Currently effective heating power (PT1 lag, τ = 12 s, up to 150 kW).
6	B1 Füllstand max	—	Sensor bit (0/1)	Upper level sensor: 1 from 450 l, otherwise 0.
7	B2 Füllstand min	—	Sensor bit (0/1)	Lower level sensor: 1 at 50 l or less, otherwise 0.
8	B3 Temperatur ≥95 °C	—	Sensor bit (0/1)	Temperature sensor: 1 from 95 °C, otherwise 0.
9	B4 Druck ≥2,8 bar	—	Sensor bit (0/1)	Pressure sensor: 1 from 2.8 bar, otherwise 0.

Statistics of the series

All figures are computed from the rows of the CSV file (over the whole series, without smoothing) and describe this single run only. They make no statement about a real tank.

6,000Rows (calculation steps)

300.00stime covered

0.05sTime step Δt

8recorded quantities

Statistics per process variable — Scenario 2 — Heating with PT1 behaviour

Quantity	Unit	Count	Minimum	Maximum	Mean	First value	Last value
Füllstand	l	6,000	450.05constant	450.05	450.050	450.05	450.05
Temperatur	°C	6,000	16.131t = 0.05 s	39.568t = 300.00 s	27.4043	16.131	39.568
Druck	bar	6,000	0.0000t = 0.30 s	0.0072t = 0.05 s	0.0000	0.0072	0.0000
Heizleistung	W	6,000	625.0t = 0.05 s	150,000.0t = 178.60 s	144,025.00	625.0	150,000.0

Below each extreme value is the time of the first row with that value. The mean is the simple mean over all rows (equal time steps).

Sensor bits: switching times — Scenario 2 — Heating with PT1 behaviour

Sensor bit	Rows with 1	Share	first 1 at	then 0 again at
B1 Füllstand max	6,000	100.000 %	0.05 sfirst row	—
B2 Füllstand min	0	0.000 %	—	—
B3 Temperatur ≥95 °C	0	0.000 %	—	—
B4 Druck ≥2,8 bar	0	0.000 %	—	—

1 means the sensor is active (threshold reached), 0 not active (chapter 8). “Changes” counts the rows in which the value differs from the previous row.

Values

All rows of the CSV file, unchanged, 100 rows per page. Search and sorting run on the server; you can jump to a row or a time. “No.” is a running row number and not part of the CSV.

2,201–2,300 of 6,000 rows Download CSV

Values — Scenario 2 — Heating with PT1 behaviour

No.	Zeit (s)	Füllstand (l)	Temperatur (°C)	Heizleistung (W)	B1 Füllstand max
2,201	110.05	450.05	24.113	149984.7	1
2,202	110.1	450.05	24.117	149984.8	1
2,203	110.15	450.05	24.121	149984.8	1
2,204	110.2	450.05	24.125	149984.9	1
2,205	110.25	450.05	24.129	149984.9	1
2,206	110.3	450.05	24.134	149985.0	1
2,207	110.35	450.05	24.138	149985.1	1
2,208	110.4	450.05	24.142	149985.1	1
2,209	110.45	450.05	24.146	149985.2	1
2,210	110.5	450.05	24.15	149985.3	1
2,211	110.55	450.05	24.154	149985.3	1
2,212	110.6	450.05	24.158	149985.4	1
2,213	110.65	450.05	24.162	149985.4	1
2,214	110.7	450.05	24.166	149985.5	1
2,215	110.75	450.05	24.17	149985.6	1
2,216	110.8	450.05	24.174	149985.6	1
2,217	110.85	450.05	24.178	149985.7	1
2,218	110.9	450.05	24.182	149985.7	1
2,219	110.95	450.05	24.186	149985.8	1
2,220	111.0	450.05	24.19	149985.9	1
2,221	111.05	450.05	24.195	149985.9	1
2,222	111.1	450.05	24.199	149986.0	1
2,223	111.15	450.05	24.203	149986.0	1
2,224	111.2	450.05	24.207	149986.1	1
2,225	111.25	450.05	24.211	149986.2	1
2,226	111.3	450.05	24.215	149986.2	1
2,227	111.35	450.05	24.219	149986.3	1
2,228	111.4	450.05	24.223	149986.3	1
2,229	111.45	450.05	24.227	149986.4	1
2,230	111.5	450.05	24.231	149986.4	1
2,231	111.55	450.05	24.235	149986.5	1
2,232	111.6	450.05	24.239	149986.6	1
2,233	111.65	450.05	24.243	149986.6	1
2,234	111.7	450.05	24.247	149986.7	1
2,235	111.75	450.05	24.252	149986.7	1
2,236	111.8	450.05	24.256	149986.8	1
2,237	111.85	450.05	24.26	149986.8	1
2,238	111.9	450.05	24.264	149986.9	1
2,239	111.95	450.05	24.268	149986.9	1
2,240	112.0	450.05	24.272	149987.0	1
2,241	112.05	450.05	24.276	149987.0	1
2,242	112.1	450.05	24.28	149987.1	1
2,243	112.15	450.05	24.284	149987.2	1
2,244	112.2	450.05	24.288	149987.2	1
2,245	112.25	450.05	24.292	149987.3	1
2,246	112.3	450.05	24.296	149987.3	1
2,247	112.35	450.05	24.3	149987.4	1
2,248	112.4	450.05	24.304	149987.4	1
2,249	112.45	450.05	24.308	149987.5	1
2,250	112.5	450.05	24.313	149987.5	1
2,251	112.55	450.05	24.317	149987.6	1
2,252	112.6	450.05	24.321	149987.6	1
2,253	112.65	450.05	24.325	149987.7	1
2,254	112.7	450.05	24.329	149987.7	1
2,255	112.75	450.05	24.333	149987.8	1
2,256	112.8	450.05	24.337	149987.8	1
2,257	112.85	450.05	24.341	149987.9	1
2,258	112.9	450.05	24.345	149987.9	1
2,259	112.95	450.05	24.349	149988.0	1
2,260	113.0	450.05	24.353	149988.0	1
2,261	113.05	450.05	24.357	149988.1	1
2,262	113.1	450.05	24.361	149988.1	1
2,263	113.15	450.05	24.365	149988.2	1
2,264	113.2	450.05	24.369	149988.2	1
2,265	113.25	450.05	24.374	149988.3	1
2,266	113.3	450.05	24.378	149988.3	1
2,267	113.35	450.05	24.382	149988.4	1
2,268	113.4	450.05	24.386	149988.4	1
2,269	113.45	450.05	24.39	149988.5	1
2,270	113.5	450.05	24.394	149988.5	1
2,271	113.55	450.05	24.398	149988.6	1
2,272	113.6	450.05	24.402	149988.6	1
2,273	113.65	450.05	24.406	149988.7	1
2,274	113.7	450.05	24.41	149988.7	1
2,275	113.75	450.05	24.414	149988.8	1
2,276	113.8	450.05	24.418	149988.8	1
2,277	113.85	450.05	24.422	149988.9	1
2,278	113.9	450.05	24.426	149988.9	1
2,279	113.95	450.05	24.43	149988.9	1
2,280	114.0	450.05	24.435	149989.0	1
2,281	114.05	450.05	24.439	149989.0	1
2,282	114.1	450.05	24.443	149989.1	1
2,283	114.15	450.05	24.447	149989.1	1
2,284	114.2	450.05	24.451	149989.2	1
2,285	114.25	450.05	24.455	149989.2	1
2,286	114.3	450.05	24.459	149989.3	1
2,287	114.35	450.05	24.463	149989.3	1
2,288	114.4	450.05	24.467	149989.4	1
2,289	114.45	450.05	24.471	149989.4	1
2,290	114.5	450.05	24.475	149989.4	1
2,291	114.55	450.05	24.479	149989.5	1
2,292	114.6	450.05	24.483	149989.5	1
2,293	114.65	450.05	24.487	149989.6	1
2,294	114.7	450.05	24.492	149989.6	1
2,295	114.75	450.05	24.496	149989.7	1
2,296	114.8	450.05	24.5	149989.7	1
2,297	114.85	450.05	24.504	149989.7	1
2,298	114.9	450.05	24.508	149989.8	1
2,299	114.95	450.05	24.512	149989.8	1
2,300	115.0	450.05	24.516	149989.9	1

Source and citation

Data source: Own measurement series, recorded on the model function compute_step (step size Δt = 0.05 s) according to the test log of the bachelor thesis (2026); set-up and evaluation see Chapter 10 — Five test scenarios.

How to cite

Kotsch, A. H. (2026): Dataset „Scenario 2 — Heating with PT1 behaviour“ (6,000 rows, time 0.05–300.00 s). Supplement to the bachelor thesis „Digital twins for PLC-coupled laboratory systems“, Duale Hochschule Sachsen — Studienakademie Glauchau. https://thesis.kotsch.tech/daten/szenario-2-heizen (accessed 2026-09-30).

Limits of this data

Classification (chapter 10): The deviations are compatible with the discretisation error of the Euler method.
Limit: The expectation uses the same parameters (τ = 12 s, 150 kW); what is tested is the implementation of the equations, not their agreement with a real heating element.
The expected values come from hand calculation and the analytical solution with the parameters of the model; agreement shows the correct implementation, not the accuracy compared with a real tank. Each scenario covers a single run with fixed boundary conditions. (Chapter 10)
Without measurement data from a real tank, validation is limited to internal consistency. (Chapter 11)

More datasets

16 rows · 2 columns Key figures of the platform View → 3,000 rows · 9 columns Scenario 1 — Filling View → 25,809 rows · 9 columns Scenario 3 — Pressure build-up and venting View → 2,200 rows · 9 columns Scenario 4 — Draining View → 1,200 rows · 9 columns Scenario 5 — Edge case: empty tank View → 5 rows · 4 columns Five test scenarios — expectation versus measurement View →