Data series · Chapter 10

Scenario 2 — Heating with PT1 behaviour

Step to 150 kW heating power, time constant 12 s. Reaches 63.3 % at t = τ and 95.1 % at 3τ; mean deviation from the analytical solution 0.040 %.

Scenario: 2 Heating
Expectation (criterion): heating rate 0.0814 K/s; PT1 63.2 % at τ, 95.0 % at 3τ
Measurement: 63.3 % at τ, 95.1 % at 3τ; mean deviation 0.040 % of maximum power
Result: passed
Rows: 6,000
Time range: 0.05–300.00 s
Time step: Δt = 0.05 s
Columns: 9

Download CSV To the chapter: Chapter 10 — Five test scenarios

Chart
Columns
Statistics
Values
Source and citation

Time series

Each quantity has its own axis and unit in its own panel; all share the time axis. The sensor bits appear as step lines. Clicking the legend shows or hides a quantity.

Time series of the measurement

Building the chart …

Quantities (click to show or hide)

Controls: ← → move cursor (with ⇧ ten times) · Pos1 Ende to the edge · + − zoom · Bild↑ Bild↓ pan · 0 full series · Esc remove cursor. Drag a region with the mouse to zoom in. Values at the cursor belong to the nearest plotted data point; when zoomed far out the chart shows the minimum and maximum per pixel bucket so that single peaks stay visible. Exact values: zoom in or use the tables.

The interactive chart needs JavaScript. Instead, a sample of the series (twelve evenly spaced rows); all values are in the table further below and in the CSV.

Sample of the series
No.	Zeit (s)	Füllstand (l)	Temperatur (°C)	Druck (bar)	Heizleistung (W)	B1 Füllstand max
1	0.05	450.05	16.131	0.0072	625.0	1
546	27.3	450.05	17.48	0.0	134653.6	1
1,092	54.6	450.05	19.612	0.0	148429.9	1
1,637	81.85	450.05	21.82	0.0	149838.7	1
2,182	109.1	450.05	24.036	0.0	149983.4	1
2,728	136.4	450.05	26.257	0.0	149998.3	1
3,273	163.65	450.05	28.474	0.0	149999.8	1
3,819	190.95	450.05	30.695	0.0	150000.0	1
4,364	218.2	450.05	32.913	0.0	150000.0	1
4,909	245.45	450.05	35.13	0.0	150000.0	1
5,455	272.75	450.05	37.351	0.0	150000.0	1
6,000	300.0	450.05	39.568	0.0	150000.0	1

Column description

Name and unit come from the header row of the CSV file; the meaning follows the heated-tank model (chapter 8) and the recording (chapter 10).

Columns of the series — Scenario 2 — Heating with PT1 behaviour

No.	Column (CSV header)	Unit	Type	Meaning
1	Zeit (s)	s	Time axis	Time stamp of the row (model time); one row per calculation step of Δt = 0.05 s.
2	Füllstand (l)	l	Process variable	Water level in the tank (tank volume 0.5 m³ = 500 l).
3	Temperatur (°C)	°C	Process variable	Water temperature, calculated from energy and water mass.
4	Druck (bar)	bar	Process variable	Pressure in the head space (steam and air, partial pressures added).
5	Heizleistung (W)	W	Process variable	Currently effective heating power (PT1 lag, τ = 12 s, up to 150 kW).
6	B1 Füllstand max	—	Sensor bit (0/1)	Upper level sensor: 1 from 450 l, otherwise 0.
7	B2 Füllstand min	—	Sensor bit (0/1)	Lower level sensor: 1 at 50 l or less, otherwise 0.
8	B3 Temperatur ≥95 °C	—	Sensor bit (0/1)	Temperature sensor: 1 from 95 °C, otherwise 0.
9	B4 Druck ≥2,8 bar	—	Sensor bit (0/1)	Pressure sensor: 1 from 2.8 bar, otherwise 0.

Statistics of the series

All figures are computed from the rows of the CSV file (over the whole series, without smoothing) and describe this single run only. They make no statement about a real tank.

6,000Rows (calculation steps)

300.00stime covered

0.05sTime step Δt

8recorded quantities

Statistics per process variable — Scenario 2 — Heating with PT1 behaviour

Quantity	Unit	Count	Minimum	Maximum	Mean	First value	Last value
Füllstand	l	6,000	450.05constant	450.05	450.050	450.05	450.05
Temperatur	°C	6,000	16.131t = 0.05 s	39.568t = 300.00 s	27.4043	16.131	39.568
Druck	bar	6,000	0.0000t = 0.30 s	0.0072t = 0.05 s	0.0000	0.0072	0.0000
Heizleistung	W	6,000	625.0t = 0.05 s	150,000.0t = 178.60 s	144,025.00	625.0	150,000.0

Below each extreme value is the time of the first row with that value. The mean is the simple mean over all rows (equal time steps).

Sensor bits: switching times — Scenario 2 — Heating with PT1 behaviour

Sensor bit	Rows with 1	Share	first 1 at	then 0 again at
B1 Füllstand max	6,000	100.000 %	0.05 sfirst row	—
B2 Füllstand min	0	0.000 %	—	—
B3 Temperatur ≥95 °C	0	0.000 %	—	—
B4 Druck ≥2,8 bar	0	0.000 %	—	—

1 means the sensor is active (threshold reached), 0 not active (chapter 8). “Changes” counts the rows in which the value differs from the previous row.

Values

All rows of the CSV file, unchanged, 100 rows per page. Search and sorting run on the server; you can jump to a row or a time. “No.” is a running row number and not part of the CSV.

2,901–3,000 of 6,000 rows Download CSV

Values — Scenario 2 — Heating with PT1 behaviour

No.	Zeit (s)	Füllstand (l)	Temperatur (°C)	Heizleistung (W)	B1 Füllstand max
2,901	145.05	450.05	26.961	149999.2	1
2,902	145.1	450.05	26.965	149999.2	1
2,903	145.15	450.05	26.969	149999.2	1
2,904	145.2	450.05	26.973	149999.2	1
2,905	145.25	450.05	26.977	149999.2	1
2,906	145.3	450.05	26.981	149999.2	1
2,907	145.35	450.05	26.985	149999.2	1
2,908	145.4	450.05	26.989	149999.2	1
2,909	145.45	450.05	26.993	149999.2	1
2,910	145.5	450.05	26.997	149999.2	1
2,911	145.55	450.05	27.001	149999.2	1
2,912	145.6	450.05	27.006	149999.2	1
2,913	145.65	450.05	27.01	149999.2	1
2,914	145.7	450.05	27.014	149999.2	1
2,915	145.75	450.05	27.018	149999.2	1
2,916	145.8	450.05	27.022	149999.2	1
2,917	145.85	450.05	27.026	149999.2	1
2,918	145.9	450.05	27.03	149999.2	1
2,919	145.95	450.05	27.034	149999.2	1
2,920	146.0	450.05	27.038	149999.2	1
2,921	146.05	450.05	27.042	149999.2	1
2,922	146.1	450.05	27.046	149999.2	1
2,923	146.15	450.05	27.05	149999.2	1
2,924	146.2	450.05	27.054	149999.3	1
2,925	146.25	450.05	27.058	149999.3	1
2,926	146.3	450.05	27.063	149999.3	1
2,927	146.35	450.05	27.067	149999.3	1
2,928	146.4	450.05	27.071	149999.3	1
2,929	146.45	450.05	27.075	149999.3	1
2,930	146.5	450.05	27.079	149999.3	1
2,931	146.55	450.05	27.083	149999.3	1
2,932	146.6	450.05	27.087	149999.3	1
2,933	146.65	450.05	27.091	149999.3	1
2,934	146.7	450.05	27.095	149999.3	1
2,935	146.75	450.05	27.099	149999.3	1
2,936	146.8	450.05	27.103	149999.3	1
2,937	146.85	450.05	27.107	149999.3	1
2,938	146.9	450.05	27.111	149999.3	1
2,939	146.95	450.05	27.115	149999.3	1
2,940	147.0	450.05	27.119	149999.3	1
2,941	147.05	450.05	27.124	149999.3	1
2,942	147.1	450.05	27.128	149999.3	1
2,943	147.15	450.05	27.132	149999.3	1
2,944	147.2	450.05	27.136	149999.3	1
2,945	147.25	450.05	27.14	149999.3	1
2,946	147.3	450.05	27.144	149999.3	1
2,947	147.35	450.05	27.148	149999.3	1
2,948	147.4	450.05	27.152	149999.3	1
2,949	147.45	450.05	27.156	149999.3	1
2,950	147.5	450.05	27.16	149999.3	1
2,951	147.55	450.05	27.164	149999.3	1
2,952	147.6	450.05	27.168	149999.3	1
2,953	147.65	450.05	27.172	149999.3	1
2,954	147.7	450.05	27.176	149999.3	1
2,955	147.75	450.05	27.18	149999.3	1
2,956	147.8	450.05	27.185	149999.3	1
2,957	147.85	450.05	27.189	149999.3	1
2,958	147.9	450.05	27.193	149999.4	1
2,959	147.95	450.05	27.197	149999.4	1
2,960	148.0	450.05	27.201	149999.4	1
2,961	148.05	450.05	27.205	149999.4	1
2,962	148.1	450.05	27.209	149999.4	1
2,963	148.15	450.05	27.213	149999.4	1
2,964	148.2	450.05	27.217	149999.4	1
2,965	148.25	450.05	27.221	149999.4	1
2,966	148.3	450.05	27.225	149999.4	1
2,967	148.35	450.05	27.229	149999.4	1
2,968	148.4	450.05	27.233	149999.4	1
2,969	148.45	450.05	27.237	149999.4	1
2,970	148.5	450.05	27.242	149999.4	1
2,971	148.55	450.05	27.246	149999.4	1
2,972	148.6	450.05	27.25	149999.4	1
2,973	148.65	450.05	27.254	149999.4	1
2,974	148.7	450.05	27.258	149999.4	1
2,975	148.75	450.05	27.262	149999.4	1
2,976	148.8	450.05	27.266	149999.4	1
2,977	148.85	450.05	27.27	149999.4	1
2,978	148.9	450.05	27.274	149999.4	1
2,979	148.95	450.05	27.278	149999.4	1
2,980	149.0	450.05	27.282	149999.4	1
2,981	149.05	450.05	27.286	149999.4	1
2,982	149.1	450.05	27.29	149999.4	1
2,983	149.15	450.05	27.294	149999.4	1
2,984	149.2	450.05	27.298	149999.4	1
2,985	149.25	450.05	27.303	149999.4	1
2,986	149.3	450.05	27.307	149999.4	1
2,987	149.35	450.05	27.311	149999.4	1
2,988	149.4	450.05	27.315	149999.4	1
2,989	149.45	450.05	27.319	149999.4	1
2,990	149.5	450.05	27.323	149999.4	1
2,991	149.55	450.05	27.327	149999.4	1
2,992	149.6	450.05	27.331	149999.4	1
2,993	149.65	450.05	27.335	149999.4	1
2,994	149.7	450.05	27.339	149999.4	1
2,995	149.75	450.05	27.343	149999.4	1
2,996	149.8	450.05	27.347	149999.4	1
2,997	149.85	450.05	27.351	149999.4	1
2,998	149.9	450.05	27.355	149999.5	1
2,999	149.95	450.05	27.359	149999.5	1
3,000	150.0	450.05	27.364	149999.5	1

Source and citation

Data source: Own measurement series, recorded on the model function compute_step (step size Δt = 0.05 s) according to the test log of the bachelor thesis (2026); set-up and evaluation see Chapter 10 — Five test scenarios.

How to cite

Kotsch, A. H. (2026): Dataset „Scenario 2 — Heating with PT1 behaviour“ (6,000 rows, time 0.05–300.00 s). Supplement to the bachelor thesis „Digital twins for PLC-coupled laboratory systems“, Duale Hochschule Sachsen — Studienakademie Glauchau. https://thesis.kotsch.tech/daten/szenario-2-heizen (accessed 2026-09-30).

Limits of this data

Classification (chapter 10): The deviations are compatible with the discretisation error of the Euler method.
Limit: The expectation uses the same parameters (τ = 12 s, 150 kW); what is tested is the implementation of the equations, not their agreement with a real heating element.
The expected values come from hand calculation and the analytical solution with the parameters of the model; agreement shows the correct implementation, not the accuracy compared with a real tank. Each scenario covers a single run with fixed boundary conditions. (Chapter 10)
Without measurement data from a real tank, validation is limited to internal consistency. (Chapter 11)

More datasets

16 rows · 2 columns Key figures of the platform View → 3,000 rows · 9 columns Scenario 1 — Filling View → 25,809 rows · 9 columns Scenario 3 — Pressure build-up and venting View → 2,200 rows · 9 columns Scenario 4 — Draining View → 1,200 rows · 9 columns Scenario 5 — Edge case: empty tank View → 5 rows · 4 columns Five test scenarios — expectation versus measurement View →