Data series · Chapter 10
Scenario 2 — Heating with PT1 behaviour
Step to 150 kW heating power, time constant 12 s. Reaches 63.3 % at t = τ and 95.1 % at 3τ; mean deviation from the analytical solution 0.040 %.
Time series
Each quantity has its own axis and unit in its own panel; all share the time axis. The sensor bits appear as step lines. Clicking the legend shows or hides a quantity.
Building the chart …
Quantities (click to show or hide)
Controls: ← → move cursor (with ⇧ ten times) · Pos1 Ende to the edge · + − zoom · Bild↑ Bild↓ pan · 0 full series · Esc remove cursor. Drag a region with the mouse to zoom in. Values at the cursor belong to the nearest plotted data point; when zoomed far out the chart shows the minimum and maximum per pixel bucket so that single peaks stay visible. Exact values: zoom in or use the tables.
Column description
Name and unit come from the header row of the CSV file; the meaning follows the heated-tank model (chapter 8) and the recording (chapter 10).
| No. | Column (CSV header) | Unit | Type | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Zeit (s) | s | Time axis | Time stamp of the row (model time); one row per calculation step of Δt = 0.05 s. |
| 2 | Füllstand (l) | l | Process variable | Water level in the tank (tank volume 0.5 m³ = 500 l). |
| 3 | Temperatur (°C) | °C | Process variable | Water temperature, calculated from energy and water mass. |
| 4 | Druck (bar) | bar | Process variable | Pressure in the head space (steam and air, partial pressures added). |
| 5 | Heizleistung (W) | W | Process variable | Currently effective heating power (PT1 lag, τ = 12 s, up to 150 kW). |
| 6 | B1 Füllstand max | — | Sensor bit (0/1) | Upper level sensor: 1 from 450 l, otherwise 0. |
| 7 | B2 Füllstand min | — | Sensor bit (0/1) | Lower level sensor: 1 at 50 l or less, otherwise 0. |
| 8 | B3 Temperatur ≥95 °C | — | Sensor bit (0/1) | Temperature sensor: 1 from 95 °C, otherwise 0. |
| 9 | B4 Druck ≥2,8 bar | — | Sensor bit (0/1) | Pressure sensor: 1 from 2.8 bar, otherwise 0. |
Statistics of the series
All figures are computed from the rows of the CSV file (over the whole series, without smoothing) and describe this single run only. They make no statement about a real tank.
| Quantity | Unit | Count | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | First value | Last value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Füllstand | l | 6,000 | 450.05constant | 450.05 | 450.050 | 450.05 | 450.05 |
| Temperatur | °C | 6,000 | 16.131t = 0.05 s | 39.568t = 300.00 s | 27.4043 | 16.131 | 39.568 |
| Druck | bar | 6,000 | 0.0000t = 0.30 s | 0.0072t = 0.05 s | 0.0000 | 0.0072 | 0.0000 |
| Heizleistung | W | 6,000 | 625.0t = 0.05 s | 150,000.0t = 178.60 s | 144,025.00 | 625.0 | 150,000.0 |
Below each extreme value is the time of the first row with that value. The mean is the simple mean over all rows (equal time steps).
| Sensor bit | Rows with 1 | Share | first 1 at | then 0 again at | Changes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B1 Füllstand max | 6,000 | 100.000 % | 0.05 sfirst row | — | 0 |
| B2 Füllstand min | 0 | 0.000 % | — | — | 0 |
| B3 Temperatur ≥95 °C | 0 | 0.000 % | — | — | 0 |
| B4 Druck ≥2,8 bar | 0 | 0.000 % | — | — | 0 |
1 means the sensor is active (threshold reached), 0 not active (chapter 8). “Changes” counts the rows in which the value differs from the previous row.
Values
All rows of the CSV file, unchanged, 100 rows per page. Search and sorting run on the server; you can jump to a row or a time. “No.” is a running row number and not part of the CSV.
| No. | Zeit (s) | Füllstand (l) | Temperatur (°C) | Druck (bar) | Heizleistung (W) | B1 Füllstand max | B2 Füllstand min | B3 Temperatur ≥95 °C | B4 Druck ≥2,8 bar |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 401 | 20.05 | 450.05 | 16.973 | 0.0 | 121884.8 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 402 | 20.1 | 450.05 | 16.976 | 0.0 | 122001.9 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 403 | 20.15 | 450.05 | 16.979 | 0.0 | 122118.6 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 404 | 20.2 | 450.05 | 16.983 | 0.0 | 122234.7 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 405 | 20.25 | 450.05 | 16.986 | 0.0 | 122350.4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 406 | 20.3 | 450.05 | 16.989 | 0.0 | 122465.6 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 407 | 20.35 | 450.05 | 16.993 | 0.0 | 122580.4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 408 | 20.4 | 450.05 | 16.996 | 0.0 | 122694.6 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 409 | 20.45 | 450.05 | 16.999 | 0.0 | 122808.4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 410 | 20.5 | 450.05 | 17.003 | 0.0 | 122921.7 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 411 | 20.55 | 450.05 | 17.006 | 0.0 | 123034.5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 412 | 20.6 | 450.05 | 17.009 | 0.0 | 123146.9 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 413 | 20.65 | 450.05 | 17.013 | 0.0 | 123258.8 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 414 | 20.7 | 450.05 | 17.016 | 0.0 | 123370.2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 415 | 20.75 | 450.05 | 17.019 | 0.0 | 123481.1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 416 | 20.8 | 450.05 | 17.023 | 0.0 | 123591.6 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 417 | 20.85 | 450.05 | 17.026 | 0.0 | 123701.7 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 418 | 20.9 | 450.05 | 17.029 | 0.0 | 123811.2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 419 | 20.95 | 450.05 | 17.033 | 0.0 | 123920.4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 420 | 21.0 | 450.05 | 17.036 | 0.0 | 124029.0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 421 | 21.05 | 450.05 | 17.039 | 0.0 | 124137.2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 422 | 21.1 | 450.05 | 17.043 | 0.0 | 124245.0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 423 | 21.15 | 450.05 | 17.046 | 0.0 | 124352.3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 424 | 21.2 | 450.05 | 17.05 | 0.0 | 124459.2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 425 | 21.25 | 450.05 | 17.053 | 0.0 | 124565.6 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 426 | 21.3 | 450.05 | 17.056 | 0.0 | 124671.6 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 427 | 21.35 | 450.05 | 17.06 | 0.0 | 124777.1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 428 | 21.4 | 450.05 | 17.063 | 0.0 | 124882.2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 429 | 21.45 | 450.05 | 17.066 | 0.0 | 124986.9 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 430 | 21.5 | 450.05 | 17.07 | 0.0 | 125091.1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 431 | 21.55 | 450.05 | 17.073 | 0.0 | 125194.9 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 432 | 21.6 | 450.05 | 17.077 | 0.0 | 125298.2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 433 | 21.65 | 450.05 | 17.08 | 0.0 | 125401.2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 434 | 21.7 | 450.05 | 17.083 | 0.0 | 125503.7 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 435 | 21.75 | 450.05 | 17.087 | 0.0 | 125605.7 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 436 | 21.8 | 450.05 | 17.09 | 0.0 | 125707.4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 437 | 21.85 | 450.05 | 17.094 | 0.0 | 125808.6 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 438 | 21.9 | 450.05 | 17.097 | 0.0 | 125909.4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 439 | 21.95 | 450.05 | 17.101 | 0.0 | 126009.8 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 440 | 22.0 | 450.05 | 17.104 | 0.0 | 126109.7 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 441 | 22.05 | 450.05 | 17.107 | 0.0 | 126209.3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 442 | 22.1 | 450.05 | 17.111 | 0.0 | 126308.4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 443 | 22.15 | 450.05 | 17.114 | 0.0 | 126407.1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 444 | 22.2 | 450.05 | 17.118 | 0.0 | 126505.4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 445 | 22.25 | 450.05 | 17.121 | 0.0 | 126603.3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 446 | 22.3 | 450.05 | 17.125 | 0.0 | 126700.8 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 447 | 22.35 | 450.05 | 17.128 | 0.0 | 126797.9 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 448 | 22.4 | 450.05 | 17.131 | 0.0 | 126894.5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 449 | 22.45 | 450.05 | 17.135 | 0.0 | 126990.8 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 450 | 22.5 | 450.05 | 17.138 | 0.0 | 127086.7 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 451 | 22.55 | 450.05 | 17.142 | 0.0 | 127182.2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 452 | 22.6 | 450.05 | 17.145 | 0.0 | 127277.2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 453 | 22.65 | 450.05 | 17.149 | 0.0 | 127371.9 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 454 | 22.7 | 450.05 | 17.152 | 0.0 | 127466.2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 455 | 22.75 | 450.05 | 17.156 | 0.0 | 127560.1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 456 | 22.8 | 450.05 | 17.159 | 0.0 | 127653.6 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 457 | 22.85 | 450.05 | 17.162 | 0.0 | 127746.7 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 458 | 22.9 | 450.05 | 17.166 | 0.0 | 127839.4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 459 | 22.95 | 450.05 | 17.169 | 0.0 | 127931.8 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 460 | 23.0 | 450.05 | 17.173 | 0.0 | 128023.7 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 461 | 23.05 | 450.05 | 17.176 | 0.0 | 128115.3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 462 | 23.1 | 450.05 | 17.18 | 0.0 | 128206.5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 463 | 23.15 | 450.05 | 17.183 | 0.0 | 128297.3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 464 | 23.2 | 450.05 | 17.187 | 0.0 | 128387.7 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 465 | 23.25 | 450.05 | 17.19 | 0.0 | 128477.7 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 466 | 23.3 | 450.05 | 17.194 | 0.0 | 128567.4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 467 | 23.35 | 450.05 | 17.197 | 0.0 | 128656.7 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 468 | 23.4 | 450.05 | 17.201 | 0.0 | 128745.7 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 469 | 23.45 | 450.05 | 17.204 | 0.0 | 128834.2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 470 | 23.5 | 450.05 | 17.208 | 0.0 | 128922.4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 471 | 23.55 | 450.05 | 17.211 | 0.0 | 129010.2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 472 | 23.6 | 450.05 | 17.215 | 0.0 | 129097.7 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 473 | 23.65 | 450.05 | 17.218 | 0.0 | 129184.8 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 474 | 23.7 | 450.05 | 17.222 | 0.0 | 129271.5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 475 | 23.75 | 450.05 | 17.225 | 0.0 | 129357.9 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 476 | 23.8 | 450.05 | 17.229 | 0.0 | 129443.9 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 477 | 23.85 | 450.05 | 17.232 | 0.0 | 129529.5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 478 | 23.9 | 450.05 | 17.236 | 0.0 | 129614.8 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 479 | 23.95 | 450.05 | 17.239 | 0.0 | 129699.8 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 480 | 24.0 | 450.05 | 17.243 | 0.0 | 129784.4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 481 | 24.05 | 450.05 | 17.246 | 0.0 | 129868.6 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 482 | 24.1 | 450.05 | 17.25 | 0.0 | 129952.5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 483 | 24.15 | 450.05 | 17.253 | 0.0 | 130036.0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 484 | 24.2 | 450.05 | 17.257 | 0.0 | 130119.2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 485 | 24.25 | 450.05 | 17.26 | 0.0 | 130202.0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 486 | 24.3 | 450.05 | 17.264 | 0.0 | 130284.5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 487 | 24.35 | 450.05 | 17.268 | 0.0 | 130366.7 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 488 | 24.4 | 450.05 | 17.271 | 0.0 | 130448.5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 489 | 24.45 | 450.05 | 17.275 | 0.0 | 130529.9 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 490 | 24.5 | 450.05 | 17.278 | 0.0 | 130611.1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 491 | 24.55 | 450.05 | 17.282 | 0.0 | 130691.8 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 492 | 24.6 | 450.05 | 17.285 | 0.0 | 130772.3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 493 | 24.65 | 450.05 | 17.289 | 0.0 | 130852.4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 494 | 24.7 | 450.05 | 17.292 | 0.0 | 130932.2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 495 | 24.75 | 450.05 | 17.296 | 0.0 | 131011.6 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 496 | 24.8 | 450.05 | 17.299 | 0.0 | 131090.8 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 497 | 24.85 | 450.05 | 17.303 | 0.0 | 131169.5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 498 | 24.9 | 450.05 | 17.307 | 0.0 | 131248.0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 499 | 24.95 | 450.05 | 17.31 | 0.0 | 131326.1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 500 | 25.0 | 450.05 | 17.314 | 0.0 | 131403.9 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Source and citation
Data source: Own measurement series, recorded on the model function compute_step (step size Δt = 0.05 s) according to the test log of the bachelor thesis (2026); set-up and evaluation see Chapter 10 — Five test scenarios.
How to cite
Kotsch, A. H. (2026): Dataset „Scenario 2 — Heating with PT1 behaviour“ (6,000 rows, time 0.05–300.00 s). Supplement to the bachelor thesis „Digital twins for PLC-coupled laboratory systems“, Duale Hochschule Sachsen — Studienakademie Glauchau. https://thesis.kotsch.tech/daten/szenario-2-heizen (accessed 2026-09-30).
- Classification (chapter 10): The deviations are compatible with the discretisation error of the Euler method.
- Limit: The expectation uses the same parameters (τ = 12 s, 150 kW); what is tested is the implementation of the equations, not their agreement with a real heating element.
- The expected values come from hand calculation and the analytical solution with the parameters of the model; agreement shows the correct implementation, not the accuracy compared with a real tank. Each scenario covers a single run with fixed boundary conditions. (Chapter 10)
- Without measurement data from a real tank, validation is limited to internal consistency. (Chapter 11)